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The chlorophylls are a family of pigments found in cyanobacteria and in all organisms containing chloroplasts in their cells , including the plants and the various groups of protists are called algae .

Chlorophylls are a group of pigments found in various eukaryotic possessing chloroplasts ( plants , algae ) and some prokaryotic bacteria (cyanobacteria, green and purple bacteria), which have no chloroplasts, therefore, their pigments are found in Internal membrane systems (vesicles, Lamelas, Chromatophores)

The structure of the molecules of chlorophyll has two parts: a ring of porphyrin (replaced with small linked groups, substituents ) and a long chain called phytol . is a tetrapyrrole with four rings pentagonal pyrrole linked to form a ring is greater than the porphyrin. Blood hemoglobin and other proteins also contain a porphyrin, which in this case constitutes the other principal of a group heme , and is also found in the porphyrin structure of vitamin B 12 . Heme contains an iron atom (Fe), the porphyrin of chlorophyll takes place equivalent in an atom of magnesium (Mg 2 + ). Absorption of certain peaks in ...
... the spectrum of radiation (see chart below) is a property of those organic molecules containing conjugated double bonds (double bonds alternating with single bonds); can be seen from the formulas developed adjacent the porphyrin ring is rich in such links.
The phytyl (or other phytol ; call or residue remaining portion of a molecule incorporated into the structure of another major) is a hydrocarbon chain with traces of methyl (-CH 3 ) along. It has, like all organic chains based only on C and H, a character "hydrophobic", ie it repels water. The phytyl chain serves to anchor the chlorophyll molecule in the structure amphipathic molecular complexes in living chlorophyll.

Chlorophylls are found in the membranes of the thylakoids , which in the cyanobacteria are invaginations of the plasma membrane, and in the plastids of the eukaryotic cell are distributed inside vesicles. Chlorophylls are embedded in the membrane, which are anchored in the side chain consisting of a moiety of phytol, associated proteins and other pigments that form the photosystems .
Each photosystem contains about 200 molecules of chlorophyll pigments in addition auxiliary, with which constitutes the call antenna . The antenna consists of ordered sets of molecules of chlorophyll, other pigments and protein complexes are called light collectors. Only one molecule of chlorophyll in each photosystem in itself becomes the radiant energy (light) into chemical energy, when it receives a photon with enough energy from molecules of the antenna, which is the moving van.

Chlorophylls typically have two absorption peaks in the visible spectrum, one in the environment of blue light (400-500 nm wavelength) and one in the red spectrum (600-700 nm) but reflect the middle part of the spectrum, more fed and corresponding to green (500-600 nm). This is the reason that chlorophylls are green and give the bodies, or those tissues, which have active chloroplasts in their cells, as well as the landscapes they form.
Outside the green plants, which are of this color, the chlorophylls are accompanied by large amounts of auxiliary pigments, mainly carotenoids and phycobilins , which are of a different color and dominate the set, turning the body color as the typical golden yellow cromófitos , red or purple from the red algae .

1. Chlorophyll a was found in all cases, linked to the active center of the molecular complexes, called photosystems, which absorb light in photosynthesis, differs from the chlorophyll b in which the radical of the 3-position tetrapyrrole group is -CH 3 ( methyl ) instead of -CHO (aldehydes functional group).
2. Chlorophyll b characterizes the plastids of green algae and their descendants the land plants ( kingdom Plantae ). These plastids, and the organisms that carry, are green. Green plastids are also found in some groups of protists that have assimilated unicellular green algal endosymbiont acquired and secondary plastids. We summon the euglenas , the cloraracniófitos and some dinoflagellates like Gymnodinium viride . It is also found in some cyanobacteria (the cloroxibacterias ), which therefore are green instead of blue ground, for some time were attributed to this feature the character of ancestors of green plastids, but then it has proven to be a character acquired independently in several separate lines.
3. Chlorophylls c 1 and c 2 are characteristic of a large and diverse clade of protists that coincides roughly with the superfilo Chromista , which includes groups as important as the brown algae , the diatoms or haptófitos .
4. Chlorophyll d only been known for decades by a single observation and repeated in a red alga . Then found in a cyanobacterium ( Acaryochloris marina ), which seems particularly suitable to operate red light when grown under certain ascidians . In any case should not be interpreted in the table that their presence is a common feature of red algae.
There are also animals that harbor chlorophyll within their cells or between unicellular algae (zooxanthellae and zooclorelas). Through this symbiotic photosynthesis contributes significantly to the nutrition of corals, giant clams, nudibranchs and other marine animals.
Not all photosynthetic organisms have chlorophyll. Bacteria are not cyanobacteria have very different pigments called bacteriochlorophylls .

Chlorophyll can be easily detected by their behavior to light. Optically measuring the concentration of chlorophyll in a water sample gives little work and allows sufficient estimates of the concentration of phytoplankton (microscopic algae) and, indirectly, of the biological activity, in this way the measurement of chlorophyll is an important tool for monitoring eutrophication processes.
The presence of chlorophyll is also measured by systems of remote sensing , reporting on the distribution of primary production , including seasonal variations and interannual fluctuations. In this way the measurement of chlorophyll research helps climate change and global ecological (see figure at right).

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