Formal Instructional Design Model

By Author: Henry Ford
Total Articles: 189
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The efficinecy and success of any learning process is closely influenced by the instructional model used. Many scholars and theorists in the filed of education have derived varied models of instruction that are aimed at effectively impacting knowledge to learners and other groups in the human society. With reference to these insights, there has been every need for teachers and trainers of different institutions to be concious in the selection of instructional model. This is in relation to the influence of the instrcutional model to the efficiency of the learning process. Some of the most recognised and efficient instructional models include merrill’s first principles of instruction, Bloom’s Learning Taxonomy, Addie Model, kemp’s instructional Design Model, Kirkpatricks’s 4 Levels of Training Evaluation, and Kemp’s Instructional Design Model. Despite the success and efficinecy demonstrated by the above formal instructional design models, Addie Model has been the most oustanding. This paper will provide an explicit and comprehensive plan for an instructional unit on self-esteem.
Addie Model
According to Morrison ...
... et al (2009), Addie Model is a generic process that has been traditionally used by training developers and instructional designers. Addie Model is a step-by-step instructional model for implementing formal instructional process. The model has been acknowledged for its applicability in the instruction of a varied form of training. This includes blended training programs, self-paced e-learning and instructor-led training. Basically, Addie Model is a five phase’s model of instruction. These include Analysis, Design, development, Implementation, and Evaluation. These phases are highly credited for enhancing the efficiency of the model. As stated by Ellington & Aris (2010), the phases represent a flexible and dynamic guideline for enhancing efficient and effective performance tools. It is worth noting that the model has provided worthwhile guideline for all instructional tasks, whereby many other models have borrowed from it. Addie Model has received significant acknowledgement following its ability to save time and money (Ellington & Aris, 2010). This is based on its ability to catch problems while they are easy to fix. As a result of this phenomenon, efficiency and accuracy of the model is attained. The five phases are as below
Analysis
This the first phase of the model which entails with clarification of the instructional model. The analysis stage also entails the establishment of goals and objectives of the learning process. Learner’s existing knowledge and skills as well as the learning environment is also identified. As indicated by Ellington & Aris (2010), during the analysis phase the instructional designers identify the goals and objectives of the training program. Integration of learning objectives and goals is done at this phase thus giving a guideline on the learning process. A point worth of consideration is that at this phase the learning environment is determined, which may include the classroom, in field, online or on-the-job (Ellington & Aris, 2010). This is very vital for the instructional process in that it helped in establishing the most suitable learning environment. Key questions asked in this stage include the time line for learning process, description on target learner, the desired skills, and training modality as well as possible barriers.
Design
The design phase deals with the establishment of the learning goals, objectives, subject matter, media selection, content, assessment tools, lesson planning as well as learning exercises. The design phase is very systematic in the establishment of the various tasks and mobilization of resources for facilitating the learning or training program. Alignment of objectives to tests, interactivities and quizzers is also done in this phase. The designing of questions is done in relation to the set goals and objectives of the learning program. It’s also important to note that a comprehensive review of existing materials on the given subject is also analyzed on the aspects of content. This helps in development and creation of an efficient lesson plan for instruction (Morrison et al, 2009).
Development
This is a crucial phase whereby the designers and developers of the training program assemble and create content assets. All the aspects and elements raised up in the design phase are assembled for ensuring an efficient instruction process. The content for the learning program is created, whereby all aspects of the learning unit are identified. Development and designing of story boards and graphics is also executed in this phase. The adoption of technology is also examined in this phase, whereby the designers examine the possibilities of using technology. Evaluation of the content is also undertaken in this phase through the use of appropriate debugging tools (Ellington & Aris, 2010).
Implementation
This is a very vital stage in the instructional model, whereby a procedure for facilitating the training is development. The characteristics of the learners as well as that of the facilitators are also put in mind in the development of the training procedures. At this stage the previous designed content and learning outcomes are put into practice. During this process, the facilitator is required to cover all the learning elements covered by the course curriculum. The adherence to the method of delivery as well as the testing procedures is also undertaken in this stage. As indicated by Morrison et al (2009), the instructor uploads the content in the most desirable method. All the learning instruments like books, tools, software among other tools for facilitating learning are put in place.
Evaluation
The evaluation phase is the final stage of the instructional process. This brings an overall and explicit evaluation of the tasks undertaken in the instructional process. This phase consists of two parts which include formative and summative. In this case, the formative evaluation is executed in all phases of the Addie Model. On the other hand, summative evaluation entails of well designed tests for domain specific criterion. This is done in relation to referenced items within the instructional process. The evaluation process provides opportunities for feedback and discussions on the involved parties (Ellington & Aris, 2010).
With regard to the analysis of the Addie Model, it is evident it provides one of the most comprehensive and efficient platforms for learning. The consistent and comprehensive development and integration of the model makes it efficient in addressing the learning programs. The learners’ characteristics as well as those of the facilitator are put into consideration, thus enhancing establishment of an effective learning process. Consideration on the learning process as well as the learning activities and resources also enhances efficiency. Based on these insights, the model stands to be a vital approach in executing an efficient learning program (Morrison et al, 2009)

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