Demonstration Of Micro-organisms

By Author: Henry Ford
Total Articles: 189
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Despite increased use of anti-infection medications, there is high prevalence of microorganisms like bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, and others which causes various diseases to human, animals, and plants. Presence of microorganism in different parts of the world is contributed by a number of factors including traveling which takes microorganism from one place to the other, presence of immune compromised patients in hospitals who are easily infected, and finally, the continuous mutation of microorganisms which develops systems resistance to anti-infection drugs. One of the most important strategies in fighting with microorganism is early detection which provides chances for better medical care. Histopathology laboratories are equipped with the most advanced of low TRT per specimen which enable them to use techniques which can detect microorganisms early. Results obtained from histopathology can be used in combination with other results from microbiology, serology, or biochemistry to give accurate results on the case of the disease. Although techniques like formalin fixation and normal tissue process can turn specimen to harmless ...
... tissues, there is need to ensure safety to avoid cross infection.
This task involved eight case studies where each patient gave a brief history of their medical condition. Then, different type of tissues were collected from the patients and then stained with H&E. These were primary used for diagnosing the condition and one week later, multi satins were applied on each and every case with an aim of identifying the main cause of infection. The main aim of the task was to assist students to learn how to deal and diagnose tissues which have been infected by microorganism.
Discussion
Case 1: Liver
Preliminary diagnosis: From the patient history, it was evident that that patient had a high exposure to bacterial infection during migration. Could the patient be suffering from M leprae? M leprae presents specific symptoms which include skin lesions and thickened dermis. M leprae appears in dumps and bacilli which appear as rounded masses or in groups. M leprae is intracellular, plemorphic, acid fast bacterium. It is an aerobic rod-shaped bacillus which is mainly surrounded with a way coating which are predominantly unique to mycobacterium. Its manifestation is mainly in disfiguration of skin sores, damaging nerves, and also shows progressive debilitation. During the practical, it showed blue color in stain which means is a G+ve bacterium and also suggested that it was acid fast bacilli. Z.N (K) did not work and it shows pale stain and tissues which appears thin. However, it should be noted that Z.N (K) is not effective in diagnosing compared to Z.N (Wade-fite) which is a confirmative stain. When tested with Z.N (Wade-fite) the microorganism appeared to be red in color which was a good indication that the patient was suffering from M Leprae.
Special Stains performed: In order to confirm the microorganism, Z.N (wade-fite modification) was used as a confirmative stain since the bacilli appear red in color.
Clinical history and histological evaluation vs. staining results: The difference between the initial diagnoses and the results was confirmed through special staining. Z.N (K) did not show positive result as it was constrained by different factors including lack of insufficient flooding, poor fixing of tissues, kiyoun carbon-fuschsin or due to use of wrong method.
Further identification Technique: It is difficult to diagnose Leprae since it is obligatory intracellular bacteria. Other techniques which could be used to diagnose Laprae including skin biopsy techniques like Lepromin skin test which can differentiate between leopmatous and tuberculoid leprosy, skin scraping examination which can asses acid fast bacteria, and immunohistochemistry.
Case 2: Lung
Preliminary diagnosis: The patient presented symptoms of AIDS and acute pneumonia. This means that the patient immune system was severely weakened giving space for opportunistic infections like pneumocystis carinii (PCP). Pneumonia is most common infection for patients hospitalized with AIDS. It causes lung infection in individual with weak immune system. Before the use of preventative PCP antibiotics, more than 70% of patients with AIDS developed PCP. In practical, H&E stain showed that alveoli were filled with foamy, cellular exudates. It showed that alveolar wall had interstitial infiltrate of lympocytes and appeared damaged with hyaline membrane. The stain showed dilatation of capillary and alveolar sacs were filled with mucous materials leading to congestion of the sacs. The patient died from acute infection and irreversible damage of the lungs.
Special Stains performed: Grocott’s Methenamine Silver (GMS) was used before H&E. It is a confirmative test performed for PCP mainly showing thick wall which are dotted with thickening or comma-like inclusion, mostly black color fungi.
Clinical history and histological evaluation vs. staining results: It was difficult to see fungi in Gram stain
Further identification Technique: There were other techniques which could have been used including Giemsa and toluidine blue stains. P. carinii may also be diagnosed using immunofluorescent or histochemical staining. It can also be diagnosed through blood gas, bronchoscopy lung biopsy, chest X-ray or sputum induction.
Case 3: Liver (PM)
Preliminary diagnosis: The patient was old and had acute central abdominal pain showing gas gangrene, which is caused by C. perfringens. C. pefringens is part of gut flora hence common in infections, which means in this case, it played a minor role. C perfringens infection comes with tissue necrosis, bacteremia, emphysematous cholecystitis, and gas gangrene. Gas gangrene is caused by α-toxin that creates gaps between members disruption normal cellular function. Few deaths may occur due to dehydration. After operation would is inflamed with pale to brownish red and painful swelling. Proximal small bowel was also infracted due to superior mesenteric carterial block. The patient died from bacterial toxin. During practical, the blue color in gram stains indicated that the microorganism was G+ve. When tested in PAS, magenta color appeared indicating that microorganism was present.
Special Stains performed: PAS was performed and appearance of magenta color confirmed presence of microorganism.
Clinical history and histological evaluation vs. staining results: There was good staining and the whole process worked well
Further identification Technique: There are other techniques which could have been used to identify the microgram including blood culture (egg yolk) which may grow the bacteria, X-ray or CT scan or MRI on that specific area that showed infection, and immunohistochemistry.

Case 4: Jaw Lump (tonsils)
Preliminary diagnosis: This case was difficult to diagnose as clinical history could not confirm that patient was suffering from actinomyces since symptoms were close to neoplasm. Actinomycosis is caused by filamentous bacilli. It is gram-positive, non-acid fast, and aneoribic-to-microaerobic. This bacterium shows characteristics of rapid contiguous, suppurative, granulomatous inflammation, and multiple abscesses formation. Actnomyces species are quite opportunistic especially in oral cavity and in rare case, they case abscesses in mouth, lungs, and gut. In practical observation, actinomyces gave positive results in gram as it appeared in blue color. PAS stain was also performed and appeared magenta.
Special Stains performed: Gram stains showed sulfur granules (forms radiating aggregates) which are special features for actinomyces. This showed that actinomyces was the infectious agent. PAS showed magenta color giving positive results for fungi.
Clinical history and histological evaluation vs. staining results: The main keywords in the case included large, pinkish, irregular, movable mass in tonsil.

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