How Ancient Architectural Features Influence Modern Design

By Author: Garry Stacks
Total Articles: 301
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Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures that are functional, aesthetic, and durable. Architecture is also a reflection of the culture, values, and beliefs of the people who create it. Throughout history, different architectural styles have emerged and evolved, influenced by various factors such as geography, climate, religion, politics, technology, and art. Some of these styles have become obsolete or outdated, while others have remained relevant and influential in modern design. In this article, we will explore some of the ancient architectural features that are still used or adapted in contemporary architecture, and how they contribute to the quality and diversity of the built environment.
 
Arches
Arches are curved structures that span an opening and support weight above it. Arches have been used since ancient times by various civilisations such as the Egyptians, Babylonians, Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Indians. Arches can be classified into different types based on their shape, such as semicircular, segmental, pointed, horseshoe, ...
... parabolic, or catenary. Arches can also be combined to form vaults or domes, which are structures that cover a larger space.
 
Arches are still widely used in modern architectural design in Berkshire and worldwide for various purposes. Arches can provide structural stability and strength, as they distribute the load evenly along the curve. Arches can also create a sense of spaciousness and elegance, as they frame the view and create a focal point. Arches can also enhance the acoustics and lighting of a space, as they reflect sound and light in different directions. Some examples of modern buildings that use arches are the Sydney Opera House, the Gateway Arch, and the Louvre Pyramid.
 
Columns
Columns are vertical elements that support a horizontal structure above them, such as a beam, lintel, or architrave. Columns have been used since ancient times by various civilisations such as the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and Indians. Columns can be classified into different types based on their shape, such as cylindrical, square, polygonal, or tapered. Columns can also be decorated with different styles of capitals or bases, such as Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, or Composite.
 
Columns are still widely used in modern architecture for various purposes. Columns can provide structural support and stability, as they transfer the load from the upper structure to the foundation. Columns can also create a sense of rhythm and order, as they divide the space into regular intervals. Columns can also enhance the aesthetics and symbolism of a space, as they represent power, dignity, or tradition. Some examples of modern buildings that use columns are the United Nations Headquarters, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Parthenon Museum.
 
Ornamentation
Ornamentation is the use of decorative elements to embellish a building or structure. Ornamentation has been used since ancient times by various civilisations such as the Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, Islamic, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo. Ornamentation can be classified into different types based on their function, such as structural (e.g., cornices, pediments, friezes), spatial (e.g., mouldings, pilasters, niches), or symbolic (e.g., statues, reliefs, mosaics).
 
Ornamentation is still widely used in modern architecture for various purposes. Ornamentation can provide visual interest and variety, as it adds texture, colour, and contrast to a surface or space. Ornamentation can also create a sense of identity and expression, as it reflects the culture, history, or personality of the architect or client. Ornamentation can also enhance the meaning and value of a space, as it conveys a message, emotion, or theme. Some examples of modern buildings that use ornamentation are the Sagrada Familia, the Chrysler Building, and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao.
 
How has Modern Architecture Evolved Over Time?
Modern architecture has evolved over time in response to changing social, cultural, technological, and environmental factors. Some of the main stages of modern architecture evolution are:
 
Early Modernism (1900s-1920s): This stage was marked by the emergence of new and innovative technologies of construction, such as glass, steel, and reinforced concrete, and the rejection of historical styles and ornamentation.
 
Bauhaus and International Style (1920s-1940s): This stage was influenced by the Bauhaus school in Germany, founded by Walter Gropius in 1919. The Bauhaus aimed to unify art, craft, and technology, and to create a universal and rational style that could be applied to any context.
 
Organic and Brutalist Architecture (1940s-1970s): This stage was characterised by a more expressive and diverse approach to modern architecture, inspired by nature, humanism, and social concerns.
 
Postmodernism and Deconstructivism (1970s-1990s): This stage was a reaction against the perceived monotony and rigidity of modern architecture, and a revival of historical references, ornamentation, and complexity. Postmodernism was a term coined by Charles Jencks to describe a style that mixed different elements from different periods and cultures, often with irony and humour.
 
Parametricism and Sustainability (2000s-present): This stage is marked by the advancement of digital technologies and software that enable architects to create complex and dynamic forms that respond to various parameters such as climate, site, function, and user behaviour. Parametricism is a term coined by Patrik Schumacher to describe a style that uses algorithms and computational methods to generate parametric designs that optimise performance and aesthetics.
 
So, architecture is not only a practical art but also a cultural one.
 
About the Author: This contribution has been made by Garry Stacks who has written a number of articles on architectural design Berkshire and provides fruitful information.